Abakinyi ba Ruleti Bazwi Cane

Joseph Jagger (1830–1892)

Umudandaza w'imyenda avuye i Shelf, hafi ya Bradford, isosiyete yiwe y'i Manchester yari yahombotse mu 1860. Nko mu 1880 yagiye i Monte Carlo, atuma bandika ivyavuye ku nziga, maze atega inomero zaza kenshi kuruta uko bikwiye. Inkuru ya kera kuruta izindi, igitabu ca Victor Bethell co mu 1901, ivuga ko yatsinze £120.000, agarura £40.000 muri ayo muri kazino maze agenda afise nka £80.000, nka miliyoni zibiri z'amafaranga y'Ubufaransa, kandi ko kazino yabanje kwimura inziga zayo kuva ku meza gushika ku yandi buri joro hanyuma igategeka inziga nshasha zifise inkuta z'utuzu zishobora kwimurwa. Nta kinyamakuru co muri ico gihe cavuze iryo tsinzi, kandi impapuro za kazino zo muri iyo myaka ntizikiriho. Uwanditse ubuzima bwiwe Anne Fletcher (2018), umwuzukuruza wiwe wo mu ruvyaro rwa kane, ashira urugendo rwa mbere mu 1880 canke 1881, si mu 1873 canke 1875 nk'uko inkuru za kera zibivuga. Abanditsi batandatu yahaye akazi bava kuri Bethell; urutonde rw'inomero icenda n'akaravo bivugwa ko yaciye ku ruziga biboneka ubwa mbere mu 1951, kandi nta kibishigikira. Igihe yapfa mu 1892 itunga ryiwe ryari rito. Urupapuro rwa Joseph Jagger rurasuzuma ivyemezo.

Joseph Jagger: Ingendo yo Gutega muri Ruleti i Monte Carlo

Charles Wells (1841–1922)

Umuhenzi n'umuhinga yashitse i Monte Carlo mu 1891 afise amahera yakusanyije ku bw'igihimbano c'ikinyoma maze amena banki incuro nyinshi mu misi mike, atsinda nka £40.000 abikesha urukurikirane rw'itsinzi rutangaje. Yavuga ko afise uburyo budashobora kuranka kandi ntiyigeze abusigura. Yabaye “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” mu ndirimbo y'amazu y'imyidagaduro, agarura igice c'ayo mahera muri kazino muri ico gihe c'imbeho, kandi amara igice kinini c'ubuzima bwiwe bwasigaye mu buroko kubera ubuhenzi. Uburyo bwiwe bwaba bwari ubwo ari bwo bwose, ivyo yatsinze vyavuye ku mahirwe.

Umugabo Yamaze Amahera ya Kazino

Hibbs na Walford (1947)

Mu 1947 abanyeshure babiri ba University of Chicago, Albert Hibbs, uwariko arangiza impamyabushobozi ya master mu mibare, na Roy Walford, umunyeshure w'ubuvuzi, bamaze ikiruhuko i Reno bandika ukuzunguruka. Barondera inziga aho inomero zimwe zaza kenshi kuruta uko 1 kuri 38 vyemera, barazisanga, barazitega, hanyuma barakomeza bagana i Las Vegas. Ikinyamakuru Life cavuze iyo nkuru muri Kigarama 1947 gifise umutwe “How to Win $6.500”; inkuru zo inyuma, harimwo n'iya Hibbs ubwiwe, zitanga ibiteranyo binini kuruta, kandi Thorp, yandika mu 1998, yashize ivyo mu 1949–50. Ayo mahera yaguze ubwato bwa sitimu bwa 40-foot n'umwaka urenga mu Caraïbes. Hibbs yaciye aja muri Jet Propulsion Laboratory, aho yabaye ijwi ryayo rizwi cane na rubanda, na Walford aba umushakashatsi ku gusaza. Iryabo ni ryo tsinzi rya mbere ryo muri Amerika ryanditswe neza rivuye ku kubogama kw'uruziga, kandi ni ryo Thorp yari afise mu mutwe mu 1955 igihe yafata ingingo y'uko inziga zubatswe neza zotegerezwa gutsindwa n'ubumenyi bw'inguvu aho.

Norman Leigh (1966)

Mu mpeshi ya 1966 Norman Leigh, Umwongereza yanditse ko se yari yahombejwe na ruleti, yajanye umurwi w'abantu cumi na babiri muri Casino Municipal y'i Nice. Nk'uko abivuga ubwiwe, bakinnye Labouchèreingendo yo gutegaLabouchèreUburyo bwo gusiba: andika umurongo w'ibitigiri, utege igiteranyo c'ivyo ku mpera zibiri, ubisibe utsinze, wongereko amahera y'itego wahombye uhomvye.Soma vyose → ihinduye ku mahirwe atandatu yose ya rimwe kuri rimwe ku meza abiri, batsinda vyinshi mu majoro menshi, maze barahagarikwa igihe kazino yugara ameza ikababuza kwinjira mu makazino y'Ubufaransa. Igitabu ciwe, Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), ni co cemezo conyene cuzuye, kandi ibiteranyo vyaco ntibishobora gusuzumwa. Uburyo ntibushobora kubisigura: Labouchère ihinduye itwara 1,35% y'igiteranyo c'amategoamaheraIgiteranyo c'amategoIgiteranyo c'amahera yose yateze mu gihe c'ugukina canke mu kiringo, harimwo n'ivyatsinzwe vyongeye gutegwa. Kandi bita: handle, action.Soma vyose → hamwe na la partageitegekoLa partageItegeko ry'Ubufaransa: iyo zeru ije, igice c'amahera y'itego rya rimwe kuri rimwe kirasubizwa. Rigabanya inyungu ya kazino kuri ayo matego gushika kuri 1,35%.Soma vyose → kandi itsinda gusa mu gihe c'ugukina gake aho umurongo uduga ugashika ku rugero ntarengwa (raba Labouchère). Abakinyi cumi na babiri ku mahirwe atandatu mu majoro menshi bakina ibihe vyinshi vy'ugukina, bimwe muri vyo vyari ngombwa kuba itsinzi rinini, kandi kazino yugaye umukino yatumye amahirwe ataringanira.

Umugani: Ingendo yo Gutega muri Ruleti Itsinda Imisi YoseIngendo ya Labouchère muri Ruleti

Thorp na Shannon (1961)

Edward Thorp, yaciye atsinda blackjack mu guharura amakarata, na Claude Shannon, uwashinze inyigisho y'amakuru, bubatse orudinateri ya mbere yambarwa: igikoresho kingana n'agasandugu k'itabi capima igihe c'umupiraibikoreshoUmupiraUmupira mutoyi uterwa mu nzira uhushanye na rotor. Imipira y'ubu ikozwe muri ivorine canke Teflon, 18–21 mm.Soma vyose → na rotoribikoreshoRotorIgice c'uruziga kizunguruka gifise utuzu.Soma vyose → kikarungika ijwi mu kumviriza kwo mu gutwi kivuga igice c'umunani c'uruziga. Yakora mu nzu yo musi y'isi ya Shannon ku ruziga baguze kandi igakora rimwe na rimwe i Las Vegas, aho insinga zacika kandi akumviriza kwo mu gutwi kukaboneka. Barahagaritse ku mvo z'ingiro; Thorp yatangaje ubwo buryo mu 1966 kandi abudondora vyuzuye mu 1979 no mu 1984 (raba Advantage Play).

Aba Eudaemons (1976–1981)

Umurwi w'abanyeshure barangije bakomeza kwiga ubumenyi bw'inguvu i Santa Cruz bubatse orudinateri ntoya z'ubuhinga bwa digitale zo kwambara muri kazino: umukinyi umwe yapima igihe c'uruziga akoresheje utubuto two ku ntoki z'ibirenge, orudinateri igahanura igice c'uruzigauruzigaIgice c'uruzigaUrukurikirane rw'utuzu dufatanye ku ruziga, rutandukanye n'umugwi w'inomero ku kibaho c'amatego.Soma vyose →, maze umukinyi wa kabiri akaronka ubwo buhanuzi biciye mu kunyiganyiga akabutega. Mu 1977 no mu 1978 orudinateri yahambirwa mu kwaha; iyindi yo inyuma, yubatswe mu kirenge c'ikirato, yagiye i Las Vegas muri Munyonyo 1981 maze itsindwa n'urusaku rw'umuyagankuba rw'amakazino. Amagerageza yabo yasezerana inyungu y'umukinyi ya 44%, kandi igihe cabo ca mbere kirekire c'ugukina ku meza nyakuri catanze nka 25%. Ibikoresho gake vyakora igihe kirekire: insinga zidomye, ugufatwa n'umuyagankuba kandi rimwe ugusha kuvuye ku nsinga zashushe vyarangije ibihe vyinshi vy'ugukina. Batsinze amadolari ibihumbi bike ku matego matoyi, bakoresha nka $15.000 kandi basiga igitabu ciza. Urupapuro rw'aba Eudaemons ruvuga iyo nkuru.

Abitwa Eudaemons

Richard Jarecki (1931–2018)

Umuganga w'Umunyamerika yavukiye mu Budage, ari kumwe n'umugore wiwe Carol n'abafasha bake, yanditse ivyavuye ku nziga za zeruuruzigaZeruAkazu kamwe k'icatsi kibisi kadapfukwa n'itego rya rimwe kuri rimwe, ry'umurwi canke ry'inkingi; ni yo soko y'inyungu ya kazino. Kandi bita: zeru imwe, 0.Soma vyose → imwe mu makazino y'i Buraya mu myaka ya 1960 no mu ntango y'imyaka ya 1970, cane cane i Sanremo, maze atega inomero zaza kenshi kuruta uko bikwiye. Nk'uko Carol Jarecki abivuga, uruziga rumwe rwashobora gutwara ukuzunguruka kurenga 10.000 n'igihe kingana n'ukwezi. Inkuru y'urupfu rwiwe yo mu 2018 ivuga ko nk'uko benshi babivuga yatsinze arenga $1,2 million; ico gitigiri nticigeze gisuzumwa. Yabwiye abanyamakuru ko orudinateri yo muri University of London yari yamaze guhishura ibanga ry'umukino; iyo nkuru y'urupfu rwiwe yo mu 2018 n'umwanditsi wa kahise ka ruleti Russell Barnhart bavuga ko ivyo vyari uguhisha ukuraba gusanzwe. Sanremo yamusavye kutahagaruka muri Nzero 1969, iramubuza kwinjira nk'umutezi w'umwuga muri Ruhuhuma kandi yongera kumwemerera mu misi mike, yimura ameza yayo, maze amaherezo isubiriza inziga nka mirongo ibiri n'ine. Yasubiye muri Amerika mu 1973 canke 1974. Inkuru zo muri ico gihe zitanga ibindi vyinshi.

Richard Jarecki: Uburyo bwo Gutega muri Ruleti

Gonzalo García-Pelayo (yavutse mu 1947)

Umuntu wo muri Espanye asohora indirimbo kandi atunganya amasinema, ari kumwe n'abana biwe n'abana ba bene wabo, yanditse nk'ukuzunguruka 5.000 kuri buri ruziga muri Casino Gran Madrid, inyuma y'umugi, kuva mu mpera za 1991, maze atega utuzuibikoreshoAkazuKimwe mu bibanza 37 bifise inomero kuri rotor. Kandi bita: slot, cup.Soma vyose → twaza imbere. Nk'uko ibitigiri vyiwe bibivuga, akazu keza kuruta utundi katsinda incuro imwe ku kuzunguruka 28 kandi inyungu y'umukinyi yari nka 6%; ashira ivyo yatsinze kuri pesetas miliyoni 200 gushika 250 mu makazino menshi. Kazino yabujije uwo muryango kwinjira, leta irahakana ukwo kubuzwa, kandi ubujurire bwa kazino buranka, ubwa nyuma bukaba bwari muri Sentare Nkuru muri Ruheshi 2004. Sentare yavuze ko abakinyi bakoresheje ubwenge n'orudinateri gusa, kandi ko inyishu ikwiye kazino yotanga ari ukwimura inziga zayo, guhindura ibice vyazo canke kuzubaka neza kuruta. Urupapuro rwa Gonzalo García-Pelayo ruvuga iyo nkuru vyuzuye.

Gonzalo García-Pelayo: Uburyo bwo Gutega muri RuletiRuleti i Buraya

Batatu bo kuri Ritz (2004)

Abakinyi batatu, abagabo babiri n'umugore bavuye muri Yugosilaviya ya kera no muri Hungariya, batsinze nka £1,3 million mu majoro abiri muri Ntwarante 2004 muri Ritz Club i Londres, bategera ku munota wa nyuma ku mirwi mitoyi y'inomero zibanyi. Ibinyamakuru vyavuze ko hari scanner ya laser yari yinyegejwe muri telefone; nta gikoresho nk'ico cigeze cerekanwa. Barafashwe hanyuma bararekurwa, kandi muri Kigarama 2004 igipolisi carahagaritse urubanza kibasubiza amahera, kubera ko itegeko rya kera ryarwanya ubuhenzi ritashika ku vyo bari bakoze. Inkuru ya Bloomberg yo mu 2023 ku muyobozi wabo, Umunyakroasiya azwi ku izina rya Niko Tosa, idondora uguhanura n'amaso ku ruziga rwari rwunamye gato, si igikoresho. Gambling Act 2005 yasubiririje icaha ca kera ikindi kinini kuruta c'ubuhenzi, cakurikijwe kuva mu 2007; nimba gishika ku guhanura n'amaso ntivyigeze bigeragezwa mu nkiko. Ryari ryo tsinzi rya nyuma rinini ry'ahabona kuri ruleti rivuye ku guhanura.

Ivyo abakinyi ba ruleti batsinze bahuriyeko

Uwatsinze wese yanditswe yaba yarapimye uruziga (Jagger, Hibbs na Walford, Jarecki, García-Pelayo) canke yarahanuye umupira (Thorp, aba Eudaemons, umurwi wo kuri Ritz). Nta n'umwe muri bo yatsinze akoresheje ingero zo gutega, kandi umukinyi umwe w'uburyo azwi, Wells, yagaruye igice c'ayo mahera mu mezi make maze arangirira mu buroko. Uburyo bwose bakoresheje amaherezo bwarafunzwe n'amakazino ahindura uruziga, amategeko canke itegeko ry'igihugu. Impapuro z'Ikibanza c'Ubushakashatsi zirasigura ubwo buryo; uru rupapuro rurasigura igituma wumvise abantu bake gutyo.

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