Ni Nde Yahimbye Ruleti? Inkomoko ya Ruleti
Inziga nyinshi, izina rimwe, umugi warangije kuryandika.

Nta muntu yanditswe ko ari we yahimbye ruleti. Umukino nk'uko tuwuzi uboneka i Paris mu mpera z'ikinjana ca 18, ufatanya uruziga ruzunguruka rwo mu mikino ya kera n'ikibaho c'amatego cavanywe mu mikino yo ku meza y'Ubutaliyano n'Ubwongereza.
Abakurambere
Imikino itatu ya kera ni yo yatanze ibice. Inziga z'Ubwongereza za E.O. (“even-odd”, igiharuro-igiharwe) zo mu myaka ya 1740 zari zifise uruziga ruzunguruka rufise utuzuibikoreshoAkazuKimwe mu bibanza 37 bifise inomero kuri rotor. Kandi bita: slot, cup.Soma vyose → mirongo ine twanditseko E canke O n'umupiraibikoreshoUmupiraUmupira mutoyi uterwa mu nzira uhushanye na rotor. Imipira y'ubu ikozwe muri ivorine canke Teflon, 18–21 mm.Soma vyose → utererwa kuri rwo; zabujijwe mu 1745 ariko zirabandanya gukinwa. Roly-poly, umukino w'Ubwongereza wa kera kuruta, wari umeze nk'uwo. Umukino w'itombora w'Ubutaliyano biribi, bivugwa ko watanguriye i Genova nko mu 1750 kandi wari uzwi mu Bufaransa ku izina rya cavagnole, wakoresha ikibaho c'ibitigiri 70 abakinyi bategako n'umufuko bakuramwo igitigiri; igitigiri catsinze cariha incuro 64 z'amahera y'itego, harimwo n'ayo mahera (63 kuri 1), ku buryo nyene kazino yagumana 6 kuri ibiceamaheraIgiceAmahera y'itego y'ishingiro uburyo canke umukinyi akoresha. Iyongerekana ridondorwa mu bice kugira ngo rikore ku meza ayo ari yo yose.Soma vyose → 70 vyose vyatezwe, inyungu ya kazino ya 8,57%. Casanova, yawukinnye mu myaka ya 1760, yawise umukino w'abahenzi, kandi Ubufaransa bwarawubujije mu 1837. Watanze iciyumviro c'ikibaho c'amategoibikoreshoIkibaho c'amategoIkibaho co gutega canditswe ku meza. Kandi bita: ameza, igitambara.Soma vyose → c'ibitigiri gifise irihaamaheraIrihaIvyo itego ritsinze rizana, bivugwa nka “X kuri 1” hiyongereyeko amahera y'itego asubizwa.Soma vyose → rinini. Hoca, yakinwa mu gisagara c'umwami w'Ubufaransa mu myaka ya 1600, yari ifise ibitigiri mirongo itatu n'inyungu ya kazinoimibareInyungu ya kazinoIgice c'amahera y'itego kazino igumana ku mpuzandengo: 2,70% muri ruleti y'i Buraya.Soma vyose → yubakiye ku tuzu twagenewe kazino. Nta n'umwe muri yo ari ruleti; hamwe ni bo bavyeyi bayo.
Hoca mu gisagara c'umwami w'Ubufaransa: ibitigiri mirongo itatu, utuzu twa kazino. Yabujijwe na Louis XIV, ariko irakinwa n'ubundi.
Biribi mu Butaliyano no mu Bufaransa: ikibaho c'ibitigiri, igitigiri gikurwa mu mufuko, iriha rinini.
Inziga za E.O. mu mazu y'imikino y'Ubwongereza: uruziga ruzunguruka, umupira, igiharuro canke igiharwe. Zabujijwe mu 1745.
Paris ifatanya uruziga n'ikibaho c'ibitigiri. 0 na 00 vyose ni utuzu twa kazino.
Umukino wa Palais-Royal igitabu c'inkuru ca Lablée (1801) kidondora mu buryo bumenyekana neza.
Ruleti yahimbiwe hehe? I Paris, mu 1796
Igitabu c'inkuru La Roulette, ou le Jour ca Jaques Lablée, casohowe mu 1801, kidondora uruziga rwo muri Palais-Royal mu 1796 rufise inomero 1 gushika 36, zeruuruzigaZeruAkazu kamwe k'icatsi kibisi kadapfukwa n'itego rya rimwe kuri rimwe, ry'umurwi canke ry'inkingi; ni yo soko y'inyungu ya kazino. Kandi bita: zeru imwe, 0.Soma vyose → itukuraitegoGitukuraItego rya rimwe kuri rimwe ku nomero 18 zitukura. Mu gifaransa: rouge.Soma vyose → na zeru zibiriubwokoZeru zibiriAkazu 00 k'uruziga rw'Amerika. Kubaho kwako kuduza inyungu ya kazino kuva kuri 2,70% gushika kuri 5,26%.Soma vyose → ziraburaitegoCiraburaItego rya rimwe kuri rimwe ku nomero 18 zirabura. Mu gifaransa: noir.Soma vyose → zagenewe kazino, n'ikibaho c'amatego gifise amatego yo hagati n'amatego yo hanzeitegoItego ryo hanzeItego ku dusanduku dukikuje ikibaho c'inomero: imirwi, inkingi n'amatego ya rimwe kuri rimwe.Soma vyose → nk'uko ari ubu nyene. Ni ryo dondora rya mbere ryuzuye kandi ni umukino w'ubu nyene. Palais-Royal yari agace k'imikino ko gutega k'i Paris, kafise uruhusha kandi kariha ikori, gushika ibuzwa ryo mu 1837 rirungitse umukino mu migi y'amazi akiza y'Ubudage.

Bad Homburg n'Amakazino yo mu Mihana y'Amazi AshusheAmatego yo Hagati n'Amatego yo Hanze muri Ruleti
Izina
Roulette ni ijambo ry'igifaransa risobanura “uruziga ruto”. Iryo jambo ryakoreshwa ku yindi mikino y'inziga imbere y'uko rigumiza kuri uyu: itegeko ryo mu 1758 ry'Ubufaransa Bushasha, igihugu c'Ubufaransa cari ku ruzi St Lawrence, ryari risanzwe ribuza “ibiziga, hoca, faro na roulette”, nk'uko Shelley (1988) abivuga, ataco avuga ku kuntu iyo roulette yari imeze. Mu nyandiko za kera z'icongereza uwo mukino rimwe na rimwe witwa “roulet” canke ukadondorwa nka “the French E.O.”. Mu myaka ya 1820 “roulette” yasobanura umukino umwe gusa hose mu Buraya.
Zeru zibiri
Inziga za mbere z'i Paris zari zifise 0 na 00, ivyo vyaha kazino inyungu ya 5,26% ku ruziga rw'utuzu 38. Uruziga rwa zeru imwe rwari ingingo y'urudandaza y'abavukanyi Blanc i Bad Homburg mu 1843, yagenewe gukwegera abakinyi bava mu yindi migi y'amazi akiza bahiganwa. Uruziga rw'Amerika rwagumanye zeru zose zibiri kuko umukino wari wamaze gushika muri Amerika imbere y'iryo hinduka kandi nta n'umwe yari afise umuhiganwa yokwesa ku giciro. Inziga zimwe za kera z'Amerika zarengeye: ikibaho kimwe co mu kinjana ca 19 cari gifise inomero 1 gushika 28 gusa hamwe na 0, 00 n'inkukuma, kikariha inomero imwe 27 ku 1, inyungu ya kazino ya 12,90%, kandi kigafata 9,68% ku nkingiitegoInkingiInomero cumi na zibiri ziri mu nkingi imwe ihagaze y'ikibaho c'amatego, riha 2:1.Soma vyose → no ku mabara. Nticamaze igihe.
Igituma yakwiragiye
Ruleti ntikeneye ubuhanga, irangiza itego ryose mu munota umwe, kandi ireka abakinyi bangana uko bangana gutega icarimwe barwanya kazino idashobora guhomba mu gihe kirekire. Ku muntu akoresha kazino ni umukino mwiza kuruta iyindi: wihuta, woroshe, ushobora kwagurwa kandi uzana inyungu ku rugero ruzwi. Kuri leta ni umukino uriha ikori. Umukino wakurikiye amahera n'impusha kuva i Paris gushika i Homburg, i Monako n'ahandi hose.

Ruleti ya Monte CarloUgushikana mu Gihe Kirekire: Itegeko ry'Ibitigiri Vyinshi muri Ruleti
Ivyo bitahindutse
Ikibaho c'amatego, iriha (36/n − 1), urukurikirane ruhamye rw'iciciro c'umukino n'igikorwa ca croupier ni bimwe mu idondora rya Lablée no ku mukino werekanwa imbonankubone ubu. Urukurikirane rw'inomero ku ruziga, ibibuza umupiraibikoreshoIkibuza umupiraKimwe mu bintu vy'icuma biri kuri apron bisanza umupira ugwa. Kandi citwa: canoe, diamond, pin.Soma vyose → n'uruhome rw'akazuibikoreshoUruhome rw'akazuUrugabane rw'icuma ruri hagati y'utuzu tubiri ku ruziga.Soma vyose → rugufi ni ivyatunganijwe mu kinjana ca 19 kugira ngo barwanye abakinyi bari bamaze kwiga kuraba umupira. Zeru imwe ni yo hinduka ryonyene ryakoze ku gushoboka, kandi ryaratumye kumera neza kuruta.
Ibibazo
Yageragezaga inziga zizunguruka mu myaka ya 1650 ku zindi mvo. Kumwitirira ni ukw'imigenzo, ntikwanditswe. Raba urupapuro rwiwe.
Yari ifise uruhusha muri Palais-Royal gushika mu 1837, hanyuma irabuzwa gushika mu 1907, igihe amakazino yo mu migi y'amazi akiza no ku nkengera y'ikiyaga c'umunyu yongera kwemererwa.
Kugira ngo amabara asimburane neza no gukwiragiza bito/binini n'igiharwe/igiharuro. Urukurikirane nyakuri rwashinzwe mu kinjana ca 19 kandi ntirwahindutse.
Twinezwe n'Imibare
Banza ubigerageze wewe nyene. Inyishu yose irapfutse; yugurure igihe witeguye.
Biribi yasubiza 64 ku 1 ku nomero imwe muri 70, harimwo amahera y'itego: 63 kuri 1. Iyo ni inyungu ya kazino ingana iki? Iyo yotanze itego ku nomero zibiri, ni irihaamaheraIrihaIvyo itego ritsinze rizana, bivugwa nka “X kuri 1” hiyongereyeko amahera y'itego asubizwa.Soma vyose → irihe ryogumya inyungu ya kazino nk'iyo?
Erekana inyishu
Inyishu Inyungu ya kazino ni 6/70, 8,57%. Itego ry'inomero zibiri ryoriha 31 kuri 1, igitigiri gitunganye.
Inomero imwe itsinda incuro imwe mu matombora 70 ikariha ibiceamaheraIgiceAmahera y'itego y'ishingiro uburyo canke umukinyi akoresha. Iyongerekana ridondorwa mu bice kugira ngo rikore ku meza ayo ari yo yose.Soma vyose → 63; amatombora 69 asigaye ahomba 1: (63 − 69)/70 = −6/70, inyungu ya kazino ya 8,57%. Mu yandi majambo, banki isubiza 64 aho umukino utabogamyeimibareUmukino utabogamyeUmukino aho nta ruhande rufise inyungu: itego ryose rifise agaciro kitezwe ka zeru.Soma vyose → wosubiza 70.
Itego ry'inomero zibiri kuri x kuri 1 ritsinda incuro zibiri mu matombora 70: ibice 2x vyatsinzwe ugereranije na 68 vyahomvye, agaciro kitezweimibareAgaciro kitezweIvyavuyemwo vy'impuzandengo kuri buri tego mu gihe kirekire. −1/37 c'amahera y'itego kuri buri tego risanzwe ry'i Buraya.Soma vyose → ka (2x − 68)/70. Shira 2x − 68 = −6: x = 31. Ivyo ni 32 bisubira ku 1, igice ca 64.
Iriha rya Biribi rikurikira 64/n bisubira ku 1, kandi 64 igabanyika neza mo kabiri ku nomero 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 na 32, ku buryo ayo matego avamwo ibitigiri bitunganye. 36 ya ruleti igabanywa na 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 na 36, ivyo bikaba bibereye ikibaho c'amategoibikoreshoIkibaho c'amategoIkibaho co gutega canditswe ku meza. Kandi bita: ameza, igitambara.Soma vyose → c'imirongo y'inomero zitatu.
Inomero 70 za Biribi, zitondetswe ku mirongo, zasiga ikibanza c'amatego ane y'inomero zitatu. Ukurikije itegeko riri inyuma y'inyungu ya kazino ya 8,57% y'inomero imwe, itego ry'inomero zitatu ryokwishura gute? Iriha ritunganye ryegereye ryotwara iki?
Erekana inyishu
Inyishu 20⅓ kuri 1. Kuriha 20 kuri 1 vyotwara 10%; kuriha 21 kuri 1, 5,71%.
Itegeko ryo mu kibazo kiri hejuru: itego ku nomero n riha 64/n bisubira ku 1. Ku nomero zitatu ivyo ni 64/3 = 21⅓ bisubira, canke 20⅓ kuri 1, nta jetoniamaheraJetoniIkimenyetso gihagararira amahera adahinduka, gishirwa ku kibaho c'amatego kugira ngo utege. Kandi citwa: check.Soma vyose → ishobora kuriha ivyo.
Itego ry'inomero zitatu kuri x kuri 1 ritsinda incuro 3 mu matombora 70 rigahomba incuro 67: agaciro kitezwe ka (3x − 67)/70. Kuri 20 kuri 1: −7/70, 10%. Kuri 21 kuri 1: −4/70, 5,71%.
Kumanura kimwe ca gatatu c'igice bitwara umukinyi hafi inota n'igice; kuduza bisubiza hafi amanota atatu. Mirongo itatu na gatandatu, ifise abagabanya benshi, ikiza ruleti iryo hitamwo ku tego ryose kiretse irya Amerika ry'inomero zitanu.
Uruziga rwa kagoma rwo mu kinjana ca 19 rwari rufise utuzuibikoreshoAkazuKimwe mu bibanza 37 bifise inomero kuri rotor. Kandi bita: slot, cup.Soma vyose → 31, 1 gushika 28 hiyongereyeko 0, 00 na kagoma, kandi rwariha 27 ku 1 ku nomero imwe. Amatego yarwo ku nkingiitegoInkingiInomero cumi na zibiri ziri mu nkingi imwe ihagaze y'ikibaho c'amatego, riha 2:1.Soma vyose → no ku ibara yatwara 9,68%. Itego ry'inomero zine ryokwishura gute, “ku 1”, kugira ngo ritware kimwe?
Erekana inyishu
Inyishu 7 ku 1, bitwara 3/31 = 9,68%.
Itego riha X ku 1 risubiza ibice X, harimwo amahera y'itego, iyo ritsinze. Itego ry'inomero zine ritsinda incuro 4 muri 31, ku buryo risubiza ibice 4X kuri buri 31 vyatezwe: agaciro kitezwe ka (4X − 31)/31.
Kuri 7 ku 1 ivyo ni −3/31, 9,68%, kimwe n'inkingi n'amabara. Kuri 8 ku 1 coba +1/31, inyungu ku mukinyi. Ku buryo itegeko ry'uruziga rwa kagoma ryari (28 − n)/n kuri 1, utuzu dutatu twa kazino muri 31.
Agakuru ko gutwenga

Uruziga rw'Ubwongereza, ikibaho c'Ubutaliyano, izina ry'igifaransa, zeru zibiri.
Aho Twakuye
- Lablée, J. La Roulette, ou le Jour.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.
- Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 4th ed.