Orudinateri za Ruleti

Ingene orudinateri ya mbere ya ruleti yubatswe

Iciyumviro caje muri Edward Thorp mu gihe c'ururabo (spring) ca 1955, igihe yari umunyeshure w'ubumenyi bw'inguvu mu masomo y'inyuma ya kaminuza muri UCLA: uruziga rukozwe neza cane ku buryo rutobogama rwotegerezwa kuzungurutsa umupiraibikoreshoUmupiraUmupira mutoyi uterwa mu nzira uhushanye na rotor. Imipira y'ubu ikozwe muri ivorine canke Teflon, 18–21 mm.Soma vyose → mu buryo bumenyekana imbere nk'umubumbe. Yafashe amashusho y'uruziga ruhendutse rungana n'igice c'uruziga rusanzwe, isaha ipima igihe iri mu ishusho, asanga rudatekanye bihagije ku buryo rutomenyekana imbere, kandi urugendo yagize muri Nevada mu kwezi kwa Kigarama 1958 rwamweretse ko inziga z'amakazino zizunguruka neza. Hanyuma blackjack iramutwara. Mu kwezi kwa Munyonyo 1960, muri MIT, yasavye Claude Shannon kurungika inyandiko yiwe yerekeye guharura amakarata ku National Academy of Sciences; ku mpera y'ikiganiro, Shannon yamubajije ikindi ariko arakora, maze umugambi wa ruleti wimukira mu nzu yo munsi y'isi ya Shannon. Baraguze uruziga rusanzwe rw'amakazino i Reno ku $1.500, barushira ku meza ya kera ya biyari y'ibuye, bapima igihe c'umupira bakoresheje itara rimyasa n'isaha isomwa gushika ku gice c'ijana c'umusegonda. Uko bimenyereza, amakosa yabo y'igihe yavuye kuri nka 0,03 gushika 0,01 s. Gushika mu kwezi kwa Ruheshi 1961, orudinateri yari ifise transistor cumi na zibiri kandi ingana n'agasanduku k'itabi: akabuto kari mu kirato, gakoreshwa n'urutoke runini rw'ikirenge, kapima igihe ca rotoribikoreshoRotorIgice c'uruziga kizunguruka gifise utuzu.Soma vyose → n'umupira, kandi ijwi mu gutwi kumwe ryavuga kimwe mu bice vy'uruzigauruzigaIgice c'uruzigaUrukurikirane rw'utuzu dufatanye ku ruziga, rutandukanye n'umugwi w'inomero ku kibaho c'amatego.Soma vyose → umunani. I Las Vegas muri iyo mpeshi, Shannon yapima igihe ari ku ruziga akandika ibitigiri nk'umukinyi uwo ari we wese akoresha uburyo bwo gutega, mu gihe Thorp yatega ibiceri bitoyi ku rundi ruhande rw'ameza. Ukumenya imbere kwarakora, ariko insinga ntoyi nk'umushatsi zija ku cumviriza zahora zicika, kandi rimwe umugore yari iruhande rwa Thorp yitegereje afise ubwoba akavugiro kasohoka mu gutwi kwiwe. Ntibigeze batega vy'ukuri. Thorp yamenyesheje orudinateri ya ruleti mu 1966 kandi asohora ibisobanuro vyayo mu 1979 no mu 1984.

Orudinateri z'umubare za mbere

Imashini ya Thorp na Shannon yari iy'ikigereranyo (analog): urusobe rw'insinga rwayo ni rwo rwari porogaramu yayo, kandi guhindura uburyo vyasaba gusubira kuyishiramwo insinga. Microprocessor yakuyeho iyo ntango. Alan Lewis, umunyeshure wa Caltech, yajanye orudinateri y'umubare yiyubakiye mu gisandugu ca kamera i Circus Circus i Las Vegas mu 1972, apima igihe c'inziga ari ku kibaraza kiri hejuru y'ameza kandi arungikira umugenzi wiwe yari hepfo ukumenya imbere biciye kuri radiyo. Yarakoze, ariko ntiyazana amahera; yaje kumenya inyuma ko yari yibagiye ukuncurama kw'uruziga. Kuva mu 1976, umugwi w'abanyeshure b'ubumenyi bw'inguvu i Santa Cruz, abitwa Eudaemons, bakoze ako kazi neza. Baraguze uruziga rw'amakazino, bapima umupira, rotor, ukuncurama n'ugusimbagurika, kandi bandika indinganizo zifise ingingo zitanu umukinyi yahindura kuri buri ruziga afyonda utubuto two mu kirato nk'iminota mirongo ibiri imbere yo gutega. Orudinateri yabo yavuga kimwe mu bice vy'uruziga umunani inyuma y'imisegonda mike ukuzunguruka gutanguye. Ku meza nyakuri mu kwezi kwa Nzero 1978, yatanze inyungu bagereranije kuri 25%; ibikoresho, bihambiriwe ku mubiri hanyuma bikubakwa mu birato, vyapfuye kenshi cane kuruta ubumenyi bw'inguvu (raba “Abitwa Eudaemons”).

Igituma amatego atinze yari ahambaye

Kazino irashobora guhagarika burundu ukumenya imbere mu kwanka amatego umupira umaze guterwa. Thorp yasanze hafi nta n'imwe yabigira: i Reno, Las Vegas, Londres, Monte Carlo, Nice, Venise na Puerto Rico, akamenyero kari ukuvuga “nta yandi mategoukuntu bikorwaNta yandi mategoIjambo rya croupier (canke ubutumwa kuri ekarana) ryugara ugutega. Amajetoni ntashobora gushirwa, kwimurwa canke gukurwa.Soma vyose →” hasigaye inzunguruka imwe canke zibiri ngo umupira ugwe. Ico gihe ni co uburyo bwose bwo kumenya imbere bwakurikiye bwakeneye, kuva ku bitwa Eudaemons gushika ku matego atinze y'umugwi wa Ritz kuri racetrackamezaRacetrackUmurongo umeze nk'iyayi ku bibaho vy'amatego vy'imbonankubone n'ivya elegitoroniki, werekana inomero uko zikurikirana ku ruziga, ukoreshwa mu gushira amatego y'ababanyi n'ay'ibice vy'uruziga mu gufyonda rimwe.Soma vyose →. Nevada yabujije ibikoresho vyo kumenya imbere mu kwezi kwa Rusama 1985, kandi ubu amastudiyo y'imbonankubone yugara amatego igihe umupira uterwa.

Ingene amakazino yirwanyeko

Mu myaka amatego yari akirwa umupira umaze guterwa, amakazino yarwanya abakinyi bakekwa biciye kuri croupier. Inkuru z'abakinyi ba Norman Leigh bakoresha uburyo bwo gutega i Nice mu 1966 n'iz'imigwi yaje inyuma yo kumenya imbere zivuga croupierabantuCroupierUmukozi akinisha ku meza ya ruleti.Soma vyose → musha ku kuzunguruka kwose, umupira uhinduwe, ukuzunguruka kugufi canke kwihuta, ameza yuzuye abantu ba kazino nyene, hanyuma ameza yugarwa. Izo nkuru ziva ku ruhande rw'abakinyi kandi biragoye kuzigenzura (Goldman, 2007). Ariko ingendo nk'izo zirumvikana: ukuzunguruka kugufi canke kwihuta ntigushobora kwerekeza umupira ku kazuibikoreshoAkazuKimwe mu bibanza 37 bifise inomero kuri rotor. Kandi bita: slot, cup.Soma vyose →, ariko kurahungabanya igihe uwuharura imbere apima.

Ba Croupier ba Ruleti Barashobora Gutumbera Inomero? Umugani

Ingene ukumenya imbere gutegerezwa kuba kwiza

Thorp (1984) yaharuye agaciro k'ukumenya imbere iyo ikosa ryako rikurikira umurongo umeze nk'inzogera: mu kuzunguruka gusanzwe, akazu kamenyekanye imbere kaba gatandukanye n'ukuri ku tuzu σ ku ruhande rumwe canke urundi. Tega ku nomero yamenyekanye imbere yonyene, canke kuri yo n'ababanyiitegoAbabanyiInomero imwe n'utuzu tubiri turi ku mpande zayo zompi ku ruziga, amajetoni atanu ya straight up.Soma vyose → babiri kuri buri ruhande, kandi inyungu ivana gusa na σ. Ukumenya imbere kutagira ikosa kwotsinda straight up yose. Kuri σ = utuzu 10, ubutomoye Thorp na Shannon bashitseko, straight upitegoStraight upInomero imwe gusa, iriha 35:1.Soma vyose → (inomero imwe gusa) igarukana nka +44%, igitigiri Thorp atanga ku gikoresho cabo; inkuru yiwe yo mu 1998 igishira ku gice c'umunani c'uruziga gishigikiwe kurusha. Inyungu igabanuka vuba uko ikosa ryiyongera kandi irahera ku tuzu nka 17 ku ruziga rw'i Buraya na 16 ku rw'Amerika, igihe ukumenya imbere guhusha hafi igice c'uruziga. Ibiharuro vy'amakosa vya Thorp nyene vyerekana igituma urwo rugero ruri hafi: amakosa atandukanye y'utuzu 1,4 na 5,5 ava ku gupima igihe ca rotor n'umupira, 7 ava ku kugwa kw'umupira ku bibuza umupiraibikoreshoIkibuza umupiraKimwe mu bintu vy'icuma biri kuri apron bisanza umupira ugwa. Kandi citwa: canoe, diamond, pin.Soma vyose → na 6 ava ku gusimbagurika mu tuzu ateranirizwa hamwe agashika nka 10,8.

Igabanuka ry'Umuvuduko

Ibibazo